Alternative to install vim with dnf package-manager

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The question is: Why?

You can install vim with the command sudo dnf install vim-enhanced

If you really want to install from sources, you can get the same version of vim from the Fedora sources patched by Fedora package maintainers: rpm download --source vim-enhanced

Then you can simply install the sources into your home directory: rpm -ivh vim-8.0.1030-1.fc26.src.rpm

Then you need to install the packages rpm-bulid and rpmdevtools and learn to use them.

You might need to install the build dependencies: sudo dnf builddep vim-enhanced

First unpack and patch the sources with rpmbuild -bp rpmbuild/SPECS/vim.spec

Then you can either build the binaries with rpmbuild or even manually from the build directory ~/rpmbuild/BUILD/vim80

I tried to ./configure the Fedora source of vim and there were no problems.

However, if you don't need to modify the sources, I don't see the point of this all.

I also wonder why you're doing that, but the answer to your question is that you need to install the -devel packages to get the headers. For this specific one, you would need to install ncurses-devel, but I expect you will find you need other ones as well.