I'm using the default Firefox that comes with Fedora 17, and it's already in my language (portuguese). I think this is a bug, because looking at the filesystem, the spanish language packs are installed by the firefox and thunderbird packages, like the following command show:
rpm -ql firefox | grep langpack-es
/usr/lib/firefox/langpacks/langpack-es-AR@firefox.mozilla.org.xpi
/usr/lib/firefox/langpacks/langpack-es-CL@firefox.mozilla.org.xpi
/usr/lib/firefox/langpacks/langpack-es-ES@firefox.mozilla.org.xpi
/usr/lib/firefox/langpacks/langpack-es-MX@firefox.mozilla.org.xpi
Try launching the applications like this (replacing es_ES with your language code):
LANG=es_ES.UTF-8 firefox
LANG=es_ES.UTF-8 thunderbird
do they appear in your language?
If not, then try this.
Install the correspondent .xpi file for your language code from here for firefox and here for thunderbird.
After restarting firefox, the new language should be enabled under Tools/Extras/Languages.
If even so, the new language isn't being used in the interface, just run again the applications like this:
LANG=es_ES.UTF-8 firefox
LANG=es_ES.UTF-8 thunderbird
This is probably a bug, could you report it?