dnf search for file in repositories

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There is no difference between those two, except that one of them provides a glob. You can use glob for any file search, for example

dnf provides '*/foo/foobar.bar'

Notice the glob should be in quotes as you would not want the shell to expand the glob. For command you could search using

dnf provides '*/*bin/foobar'

excluding all files not in a bin directory.

Sure, those are similar, I expanded them to give example.meanwhile simple globs like */foobar works correctly in bash,(doesn't work in zsh). But I'm agree with you, generally using quotes is better.

Why wouldn't it work in zsh, assuming you are quoting the glob. If you don't quote the glob and bash find a match, then the glob would be expanded before passing it to the dnf command.

No, let me clarify with an example, go to an empty directory, with Bash and Zsh, and type dnf provides */ls. there is nothing to expand, so command executed correctly in Bash, but in ZSH you need to quote the glob. This situation also exist for other commands.